While enjoying an impressive increase in meat consumption from 13.4 kilograms per person in 1980 to 53 kilograms in 2004 China is experiencing a negative impact from the country's "livestock revolution," a group of agronomists have warned.
When the country introduced factory livestock farms to meet demand for meat, milk and eggs in the late 1970s, few policy-makers foresaw "the serious environmental consequences" of this "livestock revolution" featuring an intensive production system.
The problems have been noted by several researchers, but serious public and government attention and action to manage pollution from livestock farms are now imperative.
Speaking at a two-day food workshop early this month sponsored by European Action on Global Life Sciences (EAGLES) in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, Professor Cheng Xu of the China Agricultural University (CAU) noted that the imported confined animal feeding operations, though highly efficient and with big capacity, broke the ecologically benign links between crop cultivation and feed and manure handling in traditional livestock rearing.
Cheng's studies show that the factory livestock farms, of which there were none in 1979, contributed 15, 25, 40 and 50 per cent of China's pork, egg, broiler and milk supplies respectively by the mid-1990s.
"Yet they also produced huge amounts of animal waste, which, discharged untreated, has caused serious pollution to the water and air," said Cheng, who is also vice-chairman of the Chinese Society of Farming System Research.
The workshop drew over 30 agronomists from Europe, the United States, China and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
According to Wu Weixiang, an associate professor with the Department of Environment Engineering at Zhejiang University, 2.7 billion tons of livestock manure are produced throughout China every year 3.4 times the amount of industrial solid waste produced. Animal manure has become one of the main pollution sources in China.
In Zhejiang, the livestock industry, led by some 900 sizeable pig, dairy and chicken farms, produced 26.7 million tons of manure in 2000, which contained 687,000 tons of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 512,000 tons of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) both indexes of water pollution and considerable amounts of other pollutants like NH3-N, TN and TP, according to Wu's research.
"Much of these were directly discharged without any treatment," said Wu, adding that "animal manure has been a major contributor to surface water contamination in Zhejiang."
Tsinghua University and the CAU conducted similar research showing that agricultural production accounted for nearly 70, 60 and 35 per cent of the total nutrient load including nitrogen and phosphorus flowing into the freshwater lakes of Dianchi in Yunnan Province, Chaohu in Anhui Province and Taihu in Jiangsu Province.
Only 6.2 per cent of animal manure is applied to cropland in Zhejiang, according to Cheng Xu. And only 5 per cent of the manure is treated due to limited facilities and treatment capacity.
Of the more than 20,000 medium- and large-sized factory livestock farms across the country, only 3 per cent have been equipped with waste treatment facilities, according to Cheng.
Given the problems caused by factory livestock farms, both Cheng and the international agronomists pointed to the necessity to "reflect on the livestock revolution."
But today, what China needs is a new type of livestock revolution featuring, as experts suggested, "full use of any resource of feed," "inter-locked recycling of materials," and "integrated farming of crop cultivation and animal husbandry with bio-gas as the key link of recycling."
In this regard, developed countries such as the Netherlands offer good experiences. According to Ge Backus, head of the section market and networks of the Agricultural Economics Research Institute from the Netherlands, his country formulated a policy on animal waste 22 years ago.
The agro-environmental policy aimed to reduce nitrate and phosphate leaching from livestock waste into groundwater, ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions to the atmosphere and eutrophication of surface water.
Backus said: "Modern agriculture is causing more environmental problems than industry, but the emissions are not as well regulated yet."
The government as well as the public needs a sense of urgency to build up a public environmental policy for livestock. Some big cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Jiangsu Province, have already issued incentive policies to encourage farmers to treat animal wastes so as to alleviate pollution.
Meanwhile, Chinese researchers have developed several novel livestock farm models that apply integrated technologies for the ecological treatment and use of animal wastes and are proving efficient in the removal of CODs and BODs.
"Environmental problems caused by the livestock industry can be alleviated with integrated technologies," said Wu Weixiang of Zhejiang University, "and economic profits can be obtained from the ecological utilization of animal wastes."